Page 319 - 2019 6th AFIS & ASMMA

water, and access to sanitation. As you can see, the biggest deficits are
actually in access to water and access to sanitation. Of course, this is not
such a big surprise, because the household itself can take care of the roof
and it can take care of a space, but it needs either a strong programmed
investor or the public to invest into water and sanitation.

We see that even in the biggest cities, only about a third of the Session II
households has really adequate housing. So, about two-thirds of the
households in urban areas in these countries, they suffer from inadequate
housing. I was quite shocked to see these numbers, because they really
also show that there is a huge gap in terms of providing basic amenities
to people.

Then another question that we asked was how unequal is actually
housing distributed in the rural areas and in the city. So, we rank these
households across their income levels, so when you have these surveys
you can nicely rank them and then you can construct like a Gini. But it's
not about wealth, it's about adequate housing.

What we found is that adequate housing is very much unequally
distributed in the cities. So, even though the city offers more adequate
housing, which we see huge divergence within the city, some people live
in slum type areas as we know very well in Manila, and others live in
very luxurious neighborhoods. So, the cities bring a lot of benefits, but
these benefits are not very much inclusive.

Now you might ask yourself in terms of these four dimensions, where
is the biggest lag? And here we have this diamond-shaped diagram, and
this shows you the average along these four dimensions; in terms of
structural quality, in terms of sufficient living area, in terms of access to

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